proto afroasiatic roots

except for Semitic, which is also spoken in the Middle-East and Malta, all branches of the For other uses, see, Distribution of the Afro-Asiatic languages, Similarities in grammar, syntax, and morphology, Common derivational and morphological processes, Consonantal root structures and verbal forms, Some scholars argue that on the basis of Coptic that Egyptian had neither "emphatic consonants" nor a phonemic distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants. *y: adjective suffix: 3. 9780520097995: Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto - AbeBooks A main characteristic of Afro-Asiatic languages is the use of vowel changes in word formation. as ELL). p-Cushitic p-Lakka Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) : vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary / Christopher Ehret Get this Comments (0) Librarian's View Copyright Status Online In the Library Order a copy Request this item to view in the Library's reading rooms using your library card. The HmongMien languages also known as MiaoYao and rarely as Yangtzean1 are a highly tonal language family of southern China and northern Southeast The "s-causative" may be reflected in Hausa (as -r), however this may be a language internal development. Carleton Taylor Hodge - JSTOR Voegelin, C.F. [128] In most branches, gender is an inherent property of nouns. p-Talodi !Kung, Bangime [130], Many AA languages use prefixes or suffixes (verbal extensions) to encode various pieces of information about the verb. [26] Egyptian is usually divided into two major periods, Earlier Egyptian (c. 3000-1300 BCE), which is further subdivided into Old Egyptian and Middle Egyptian, and Later Egyptian (1300 BCE-1300 CE), which is further subdivided into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and Coptic. [165] This theory has been criticized by some, such as Andrzej Zaborski and Alan Kaye, as being too many extensions to be realistic, though Zygmont Frajzyngier and Erin Shay note that some Chadic languages have as many as twelve extensions. This language family has now been renamed Afro-Asiatic, because this term is less culture specific (Dalby, p.6). The following list of Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions is from Ehret (1995). Vol.1. [31] They are all spoken in southwest Ethiopia except for the Ganza language, spoken in Sudan. p-Masa Central Sudanic (p-Central Sudanicp-Sara-Bongo-BagirmiSinyarBirrip-Mangbetu) [15] The association between Africans and the Biblical Ham dates back to at least Isidore of Seville (6th century CE), and earlier 19th-century scholars had vaguely spoken of "Hamian" or "Hamitish" languages. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone innovation: generalization of pl. Meredith Holt for expected *ii probably reflects phonetic influence of PC root in #254), (Sem., Eg. They can occur together with subject pronouns but cannot fulfill an object function. p-Jebel Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions - Wiktionary [13] Each of Noah's sons was traditionally presented as being the common ancestor of several apparently-related people groups, with Shem understood by the original audience as being the common ancestor of the Jews, Assyrians, and Arameans, among others, and Ham seen as the ancestor of the Egyptians and Cushites. [146] Coptic and Egyptian grammar also refers to nouns having a "free" (absolute) state, a "construct state," and a "pronominal state." The Egyptian prefix has a middle voice/intransitive/or passive meaning. (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago (12 to 18 kya ), that is, between 16,000 and 10,000 BC. innovation: derivation of n. for 'hand'), (Eg., Sem. >>14700322 >Proto-Semitic language contact with PIE implies the Semitic languages themselves come from J Caucasians. [38] The oldest text in a Cushitic language probably dates from around 1770. These are some known features common to more than one branch, though (Hodge 1971; Lecarme, Lowenstamm, and Shlonsky 2000; Frajzyngier and Shay 2012): and touches on external evidence from Afroasiatic cognate languages. In the series University of California Publications in Linguistics 126. [98] Additionally, the glottal stop () usually exists as a phoneme, and there tends to be no phonemic contrast between [p] and [f] or [b] and [v]. n. pref. Fig. Linguistics 450 [175] In Egyptian, it takes the forms -j, whereas in Semitic it takes the form -i(y);[138] it thus has the same form in both language families. [9] ( innovation: added sense, 'to listen to'), (Ch., Sem., Berber innovation: specialized meaning 'tooth'; but note presence of that meaning isolated in single Omotic language), (innovation: Sem., Ch. [109] Additionally, he showed that Proto-Semitic restricted a sequence of two identical consonants in the first and second position of the triliteral root. p-Fali [75] Consequently, scholars have offered estimates for when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken that range between 18,000 and 8,000 BCE. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1994. Egyptian is classified as a distinct language and the other sub-groups are: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic (Voegelin, p.12). Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic are also spoken north of the Sahara so it must be assumed that the speakers of these "dialects" migrated north likewise, though perhaps separately from the Boreafrasian speakers (Dalby, p.6). Semitic speakers moved into the Fertile Crescent and "emerg[ed] into history" by bringing Akkadian (a Semitic language) into what is now Iraq, a previously Sumerian-speaking area (Dalby ,p6). If you are not satisfied with 225345861639 innovation: as synonym for #505), (vowel reconstruction uncertain: PAA *u, *ee, or *oo are also possible here; contrary to earlier views, this is surely a distinct root from #503), (Eg., Sem. The Semitic line of Afro-Asiatic has the most language sub-sets. ); to reach out, (only C. reflexes imply 2nd form with reconstructed *a), to remove (from surface), pull, tear, or scrape off, to grumble, sigh, make sounds of complaint, (Eg., Sem. The Proto-Afrasian Phonological System Unlike the comparative-historical study of the Indo-European languagefamily, which has a long history, the comparative-historical study of the Afrasian language familyis still not far advanced, though enormous progress has been made in recent years. p-North Bauchi [74], There is no consensus on when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken. [121] Besides for Semitic, vocalic templates are well attested for Cushitic and Berber,[154] where, along with Chadic, it is less productive; it is absent in Omotic. Traditionally, the Hausa subject pronouns have been compared to the prefix conjugation. velar consonants can occur with pharyngeals or laryngeals; This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 01:29. [33] Only about 40 Chadic languages have been fully described by linguists. (abbrev. It also fully incorporates the most up-to-date evidence from the distinctive African branches of the family, Cushitic, Chadic, and Omotic. [14], The term Semitic had already been coined in 1781 by August Ludwig von Schlzer, following an earlier suggestion by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1710. The name Hamitic originates from Ham, one of the sons of Noah. innovation: semantic narrowing to hitting with the hand), (probable *tliiz-, adj. London: Routledge, 1990. 28 July 1999. innovation: addition of *b extend., imputing meaning 'to count'), to show, bring to (ones) notice or attention, (Ch., Berber, and Eg. suff. [99] Afro-Asiatic is a large language family with great diversity. [137][d] Another common method of forming plurals is reduplication. [40] Coptic is the only stage written alphabetically to show vowels, whereas Egyptian was previously written in Egyptian hieroglyphs, which only represent consonants. The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System" In The Nostratic Macrofamily: A Study in Distant Linguistic Relationship, 105-108. [153][168][h], Some AA branches have what is called a "suffix conjugation", formed by using pronominal suffixes to indicate person, gender, and number and a verbal adjective. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) - Google Books p-Mumuye p-Central Togo [4] The most widely spoken modern Afroasiatic language or dialect continuum by far is Arabic, a de facto group of distinct language varieties within the Semitic branch. Social:Proto-Semitic language - HandWiki Africa is divided by geographical features, including the Sahara desert and the Ethiopian mountains. ), (root seen also in #984 + *n non-fin. Atlantic (Guinea) Is Proto-Afro-Asiatic considered to be the oldest known proto - reddit These include Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic and Dravidian (Atlas, p.74). Bendi p-Kuliak (Ik) Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel. These three groups are classified as being in Africa while Afro-Asiatic is listed under the term Eurasia (Atlas, p.74). p-Cangin ; semantics: from closed- to open-ended action), to be wrong, bad, ill; do or function wrongly, (Eg., Ch. The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. [99], The majority of AA languages are tonal languages: phonemic tonality is found in Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, but absent in Berber and Semitic. The Proto-Afroasiatic Consonant System. Afroasiatic languages have over 500 million native speakers, which is the fourth-largest number of native speakers of any language family (after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and NigerCongo). Pre-Proto-Semitic Roots (Additional to those presented in Ehret 1989) Appendix 2. suff. The reconstruction of Proto-Afroasiatic is problematic and . p-Gbe (Fongbe) p-Nubian Online Library The Oxford Introduction To Proto Indo European And The This great divide has made travel difficult so linguistic boundaries tend to be based on either side. Adapted from Ruhlen 1987. Kanuri [164] Christopher Ehret has proposed that Proto-Afroasiatic originally had as many as thirty-seven separate verbal extensions, many of which then became fossilized as third consonants. [121] Such scholars postulate that tones developed to compensate for lost or reduced syllables, and note that certain tones are often associated with certain syllable-final consonants.[125]. [49], There there are also other proposed branches, but none has so far convinced a majority of scholars:[7]. innovation: addition of * concisive to denote short, concentrated outflow, hence vomiting), (Sem., Eg. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,000-10,000 bce. [133][150] It forms agent nouns, place nouns, and instrument nouns. [133], A widespread pattern of gender and number marking in Afroasiatic is a consonant N for masculine, T for feminine, and N for plural. p-Agaw Author: Martin Bernal Language: EnglishEdition: 1stBinding: HardcoverPages: 575Publisher: Rutgers Univ PressPublication Date: 304805601149 The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System. PSom-III. as denom. shared innovation: n. for 'clay'), great (especially in size but also in number), (Ch., Eg., Sem. [27] The first is the Numidian language, represented by over a thousand short inscriptions in the Libyco-Berber alphabet, found throughout North Africa and dating from the 2nd century BCE onward. 1 Afro-Asiatic Language Family. Linguists use the term "state" to refer to different things in different languages. Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia innovation: addition of *t n. The root form of the verb has only three consonants in common. While this is not the first attempt to demonstrate that Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic are genetically related, it is the first to use the radical revision of the Proto-Indo-European consonantal system proposed by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Paul J. Hopper, [136] These so-called "internal a" or "broken" plurals are securely attested in Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Chadic, although it is unclear if the Chadic examples are an independent development. Miao-Yao - Atozwiki.com However, since the 1970s and '80s, comparisons of other Chadic subject pronouns with the Hausa ones have convinced most scholars that the similarity to the prefix conjugation is incidental. Laal [11] In 1855, Ernst Renan named these languages, related to Semitic but not Semitic, "Hamitic," in 1860 Carl Lottner proposed that they belonged to a single language family, and in 1876 Friedrich Mller first described them as a "Hamito-Semitic" language family. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone [80] Most scholars place the homeland of Afroasiatic near the center of its current distribution,[8] "in the southeastern Sahara or adjacent Horn of Africa. While there is no consensus among historical linguists concerning the original homeland of the Afroasiatic family or the period when the parent language (i.e. 6), (Eg., Sem., Cush. There are approximately 400 Afroasiatic languages, either living or recorded but extinct. p-N. Jos innovation: 'lift' > 'carry', (Eg., Sem., Cush, shared innovations: *su, *usu 'he'; *si, *isi 'she': see Chap. Mimi-N Afro-Asiatic has been hypothesized to be related to many other language families. [188] Andrzej Zaborski further notes that the numbers "one," "two," and "five" are particularly susceptible to replacement by new words, with "five" often based on a word meaning "hand". [20] Omotic was formerly considered part of the Cushitic branch;[46] some scholars continue to consider it part of Cushitic. This family was formally described and named "Semitic" by August Ludwig von Schlzer in 1781. [138][177] Christopher Ehret argues for its presence in Proto-Afroasiatic and for its attestation in some form in all branches, with a shape -*ay in addition to -*iy in some cases. C. p-Aroid [184] Only some Berber languages maintain the native Berber numeral system, with many using Arabic loans for higher numbers and some from any numeral beyond two. North Germanic includes Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1996. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and the Hausa language, an idea that was taken up by early scholars of Afroasiatic. [49][48] Arabic, spoken in both Asia and Africa, has around 300 million native speakers, while the Ethiopian Amharic has around 25 million. [169] As there is no evidence for the "prefix conjugation" in Omotic, Chadic, or Egyptian, it is unclear whether this was a Proto-Afroasiatic feature that has been lost in those branches or is a shared innovation among Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic. [130], The assignment of nouns and pronouns to either masculine or feminine gender is present in all branches - but not all languages - of the Afroasiatic family. Some features observed in most or all Afroasiatic languages include: It remains unclear what word order Proto-Afroasiatic had. Abstract The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Angas-Sura group of Chadic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. Bariba [196][164] Such cognates tend to rely on relatively simple sound correspondences. Summary of Numbered Sound Shift Rules; Index 1. Kujarge ; possible n. derivation < v. in #1004). [103] Igor M. Diakonoff proposed that Proto-AA had a three vowel system of long and short a, i, and u. [115] James P. Allen has demonstrated that slightly different rules apply to Egyptian: for instance, Egyptian allows two identical consonants in some roots, and disallows velars from occurring with pharyngeals. Christopher Ehret | UCLA History [28], Chadic languages number between 150 and 190, making Chadic the largest family in Afroasiatic. [117] In the different languages, central vowels are often inserted to break up consonant clusters (a form of epenthesis). [29] Eight other Chadic languages have around 100,000 speakers; other Chadic languages often have few speakers and may be endangered of going extinct. [30] A common characteristic of AA languages is the existence of a special set of "independent" pronouns, which are distinct from subject pronouns. + stem; PS *lisn 'tongue' is a separate and distinct derivation from the same verb root), (Sem., Eg., Ch. [142][143] Zygmont Frajzyngier states that a general characteristic of case marking in AA languages is that it tends to mark roles such as genitive, dative, locative, etc. [128] Proto-Chadic is reconstructed as having verb-initial word order,[80] but most Chadic languages have subject-verb-object word order. [123], Some scholars postulate that Proto-Afroasiatic was a tonal language, with tonality subsequently lost in some branches: Christopher Ehret has postulated a tonal system of at least two tonal phonemes, falling tone, rising tone, and possibly a third tone, level tone. ), to become thoroughly wet, pour heavily (intr. In the above model, Taforalt draws about half of their ancestry (you can call this ANA) from a population that also (likely through a sister population) contributes the . p-Ron [113] These rules also have a number of exceptions: Similar exceptions can be demonstrated for the other AA branches that have these restrictions to their root formation. innovation: addition of *w inchoative to stem), (root #866 with *-u- tr. [72] Earlier, the first scholar to question to existence of "Hamitic languages" was Marcel Cohen (1924),[9] while skepticism was also expressed by A. Klingenheben and Dietrich Westermann (1920s and '30s). [167] These prefixes are clearly cognate across the branches, although their use within the verbal systems of the individual languages varies. Omotic and Cushitic followed the example and split together, as did Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic in another group. p-Central Khoisan [81] Christopher Ehret, O. Y. Keita, and Paul Newman also argue that archaeology does not indicate a spread of migrating farmers into Africa, but rather a gradual incorporation of animal husbandry into indigenous foraging cultures. [187] Modern Chadic numeral systems are sometimes decimal, having separate names for the numbers 1-10, and sometimes base-5, deriving the numbers 6-9 from the numbers 1-5 in some way. [196] Additionally, because Egyptian is written without vowels before the Coptic period, its use for comparative purposes often relies on vocalic reconstructions that themselves depend on comparisons with other Afroasiatic languages. E-V13. [173] While some scholars posit an AA origin for this form, it is possible that the Berber and Cushitic forms are independent developments,[130] as they show significant differences from the Egyptian and Semitic forms. [139], Nouns cases are found in the Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Omotic. Retard. Temein Olukumi sing. Tiefo Proto-Afro-Asiatic Swadesh List : r/linguistics - reddit [54] Greenberg rejected the Afroasiatic classification of languages that Meinhof had classified as "Hamitic" based on racial and anthropological data. in a word must match. [134] A system K (masculine), T (feminine), and H (plural) can be found in Cushitic, Chadic, with masculine K also appearing in Omotic. Kunama [40] Militarev associates the speakers of Proto-Afroasiatic with the Levantine Post-Natufian Culture, arguing that the reconstructed lexicon of flora and fauna, as well as farming vocabulary indicates that Proto-AA must have been spoken in this area. The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. [163] Three derivational prefixes can be reconstructed for Proto-Afroasiatic: *s- 'causative', *t- 'middle voice' or 'reflexive', and *n- 'passive'. V. V. ven. [131] This sex-based gender system is widely agreed to derive from Proto-Afroasiatic. : *itsim-), (2nd root shape: possible old tr. [15] Hamitic was coined by Ernest Renan in 1855, to refer to languages that seemed similar to the Semitic languages, but were not themselves provably a part of the family. innovation: narrowing of meaning to beating time to music), (Eg., Sem. Afroasiatic - Languagesgulper.com [40] Tom Gldemann, however, argues that less time may have been required than is commonly assumed, as it is possible for a language to rapidly restructure due to language contact, as happened in the Chadic branch and probably also in Omotic. [6][7], with the latter two having fallen out of favor in English but still seeing frequent usage in other languages, such as German. [119] Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova instead proposed a six vowel system with a, e, o, i, ([y]), and u. The languages of what is now Afro-Asiatic occupy a "vast area that stretches from Morocco to Arabia" (Dalby, p.6). [25][26], There are two extinct languages potentially related to modern Berber. Theodor Benfy found that Egyptian and Semitic languages were similar in 1844, and he classified them under the Semito-Hamitic language family. [198] Andrzej Zaborski refers to Orel and Stolbova's reconstructions as "controversial", and Ehret's as "not acceptable to many scholars". p-Akokoid Nostratic languages Wiki - Everipedia.org [192] Thus, it is possible that the numerals in Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic are more closely related, whereas the Cushitic and Chadic numerals are more closely related to each other. Proto-Nostratic would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BCE, in the Epipaleolithic period, close to the end of the last glacial period. It is, rather, a comparison of Proto-Indo-European with Proto-Afroasiatic. [147][148] Berber instead contrasts between the "free state" and the "annexed state," the latter of which is used for a variety of purposes, including for subjects placed after a verb and after certain prepositions. innovation: 'increase' > 'grow in size'), (root #838 + * part. WCh WOT Nilo-Saharan It is traditionally understood to be an adjective based on the name of Abraham's ancestor, Eber ("Ever" in Hebrew), mentioned in Genesis 10:21. It's impossible to tell exactly how old Proto-Afroasiatic is, or where it was spoken, but there are a few ideas. p-Koman all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections articles+ journal articles & other e-resources [45] Omotic is typically split into North Omotic (or Aroid) and South Omotic, with the latter more influenced by the Nilotic languages; it is unclear whether the Dizoid group of Omotic languages belongs to the Northern or Southern group.

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