festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet
Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. 0 One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. [/PDF Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. /Prev 679084 _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. %%EOF they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable Therefore the person's attitude changes. /Linearized 1.0 "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. 0000000015 00000 n On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. 0000001089 00000 n The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. Take it with you wherever you go. York University, Toronto, Ontario. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? AP Psych Exam - Social Psychology Quiz - Quizizz They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. 2. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. (p.47) repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. . Festinger and Carlsmith Dissonance Study - YouTube Cognitive Dissonance Experiment by Leon Festinger - Explorable xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. 2. 0000000868 00000 n After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). experiment. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. What is the Sacrifice Trap? In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. Rating scale 0 to 10. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". An internet resource developed by In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? <>stream The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. 47 14 They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. Results and Conclusions - Festinger-Carlsmith However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. Social Researcher. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. endobj Instead the opposite happened. ---------------------References: This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. // adblocker detected All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior (Boulding, 1969) According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. oldfinal.rtf - Psychological Sciences In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. 49 0 obj Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. /Parent 45 0 R As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. New York Times, p.C1. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. 0000000848 00000 n Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. in order to reduce dissonance. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. 1. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. soc. Christopher D. Green But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. His data, however did not support this idea. <> From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. (p.47). The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. 3. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." 0000000609 00000 n Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. 80 0 obj <> endobj _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. & JANIS, I.L. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. Control condition. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. $K{.-hC ;{l8S FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. 3. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. B. Oct. 2011. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. /H [ 658 210 ] After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. endstream Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. Her improved performance is an example of. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? 1959. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. 2. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. 0000011828 00000 n Don't see what you need? The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. About the Experiment - Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory
